Big tech trajectories: A layer-model approach to extensions of platform power in the emerging XR economy

Morten Bay, University of Southern California
Joanne E. Gray, University of Sydney
PUBLISHED ON: 24 Sep 2026 DOI: 10.14763/2026.3.2097

The big tech companies are poised to establish early positions of dominance in the emerging XR economy. We offer a novel layer model of the emerging XR economy to support regulatory interventions that target structural sources of power.

When the metaverse distributes authority across states, platforms, protocols, and communities simultaneously, the only viable response is a governance framework that allocates functions across all four layers rather than insisting, against the evidence, that any single actor holds the reins.

Avatarobots and the crisis of democracy: From bot armies to metaverse swarms

Constantin Vică, University of Bucharest
Radu Uszkai, University of Bucharest
Alexandru Dancu, University of Bucharest; National University of Physical Education and Sport, Bucharest
Cristina Voinea, University of Oxford
PUBLISHED ON: 24 Sep 2026 DOI: 10.14763/2026.3.2118

Avatarobots, synthetic majorities and the struggle for democratic agency in the metaverse.

Varieties of interoperability in the metaverse

Carolina Aguerre, Universidad Católica del Uruguay and CETYS, Universidad de San Andrés
Joaquín Maquieira Alonzo, Fudan University
PUBLISHED ON: 24 Sep 2026 DOI: 10.14763/2026.3.2120

This work discusses the emerging concept of the metaverse from a lens of interoperability. By drawing on literature from the political economy of digital platforms, varieties of capitalism, and cybergovernance it proposes a framework based on openness and closure as well as security and economic interests to illustrate four models based on examples from the infrastructure layer comprising metaverse technologies.

Superhighway to serfdom: The political economy of the metaverse

Tom Mamer, Onofhängege Gewerkschaftsbond Lëtzebuerg (OGBL)
Annette Freyberg-Inan, University of Amsterdam
PUBLISHED ON: 24 Sep 2026 DOI: 10.14763/2026.3.2113

Plans for the metaverse are threatening to move us out of market capitalism into a technofeudal order – liberal market governance is no longer a sufficient regulatory response.

How do India and the EU regulate metaverse interoperability? This paper offers a side-by-side legal analysis with practical policy mandates.

This paper explores whether the EU’s platform governance framework, designed for non-immersive social media platforms, is fit to safeguard copyright’s fair balance and promote robust democratic discourse in immersive virtual public spaces.