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APA

Álvarez Ugarte, R. (2026). Ruling by bullying: Threats of regulation as an internet governance device. Internet Policy Review, 15(1). https://doi.org/10.14763/2026.1.2079

American Psychological Association. For more info, see https://www.apastyle.org

Chicago

Álvarez Ugarte, Ramiro. 2026. "Ruling by bullying: Threats of regulation as an internet governance device". Internet Policy Review 15 (1). DOI: 10.14763/2026.1.2079. https://policyreview.info/articles/analysis/threats-of-regulation.

Chicago Referencing Style. For more info, see https://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org

Harvard

Álvarez Ugarte, Ramiro (2026). Ruling by bullying: Threats of regulation as an internet governance device. Internet Policy Review,[online] 15(1). Available at: https://policyreview.info/articles/analysis/threats-of-regulation [Accessed: 20 Aug. 2026].

Harvard Referencing Style

MLA

Álvarez Ugarte, Ramiro. "Ruling by bullying: Threats of regulation as an internet governance device". Internet Policy Review 15.1 (2026). Web. 20 Aug. 2026.

Modern Language Association, 7th Ed. For more info, see https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/mla_style/index.html

Vancouver

Álvarez Ugarte R. Ruling by bullying: Threats of regulation as an internet governance device. Internet Policy Review [Internet]. 2026 [20 August 2026];15(1). Available from: https://policyreview.info/articles/analysis/threats-of-regulation

Vancouver Style. For more info, see https://library.vcc.ca/media/vcc-library/content-assets/documents/VancouverStyleGuide.pdf

The concept of the "superplatform" presents a simple way to describe Google’s vast and complex online ad business as a dual-core system that merges market power, infrastructural dominance, and supply chain demarketisation.

KEYWORDS: Google, Superplatform, Regulation, Online advertisement, Economisation

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Despite its growing success and widespread adoption around the world, open banking (OB) struggles to present a coherent identity. Since OB is driven by various justifications, identifying the primary motivations behind regulatory initiatives is crucial for assessing whether the implemented features align with the intended policy objectives.

KEYWORDS: Open banking, FinTech, Standards, Data, Regulation

Internet Policy Review is an open access and peer-reviewed journal on internet regulation.

Scholars, regulators, journalists, activists, and other stakeholders publish in the journal in a variety of formats

Research articles: In-depth scholarly research papers and essays
Concepts: Critical reflections on emerging core concepts of the digital society
Editorials: Contextual or thematic introductions to special issues
Essays: Free-form yet in-depth contentions with issues of academic or social relevance
News: Journalistic reports on events of interest to the Internet Policy Review community
Opinions: Opinion pieces commenting on developments in the realm of internet policy
Open Abstract: Extended abstracts for works in progress that receive public peer review

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Alexander von Humboldt Institute for Internet and Society Center for Advanced Internet Studies in cooperation with additional partners

Special issue on the topic of
Inclusive by design? Participatory governance and the future of digital public spaces

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