Volume 15, Issue 1 Superplatform: A framework to analyse and regulate Google’s online ad ecosystem Koray Caliskan, Parsons School of DesignDonald MacKenzie, University of EdinburghAddie McGowan, University of Salford PUBLISHED ON: 18 Feb 2026 DOI: 10.14763/2026.1.2077 The concept of the "superplatform" presents a simple way to describe Google’s vast and complex online ad business as a dual-core system that merges market power, infrastructural dominance, and supply chain demarketisation. KEYWORDS: Google, Superplatform, Regulation, Online advertisement, Economisation